Table Question Answering in the Era of Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey of Tasks, Methods, and Evaluation

AbstractTable Question Answering (TQA) aims to answer natural language questions using tabular data, often accompanied by additional contexts, such as passages. The task spans diverse settings, varying in table representation, question/answer complexity, modality involved, and domain. While recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have driven substantial progress for TQA, the field still lacks a systematic organization and understanding of task formulations, core challenges, and methodological trends, particularly in light of emerging research directions, such as reinforcement learning. This survey addresses this gap by providing a comprehensive and structured overview of TQA research using LLMs. We introduce various task setups and summarize available benchmarks based on task features. We categorize current modeling strategies according to the challenges they target, and analyze their strengths and limitations. Furthermore, we highlight underexplored but timely topics that have not been systematically covered in prior surveys. By unifying disparate research threads and identifying open problems, our survey offers a consolidated foundation for the TQA community, enabling a deeper understanding of the state of the art and guiding future developments in this rapidly evolving area.