Prosody as Supervision: Bridging the Non-Verbal–Verbal for Multilingual Speech Emotion Recognition

AbstractIn this work, we introduce a paralinguistic supervision paradigm for low-resource multilingual speech emotion recognition (LRM-SER) that leverages non-verbal vocalizations to exploit prosody-centric emotion cues. Unlike conventional SER systems that rely heavily on labeled verbal speech and suffer from poor cross-lingual transfer, our approach reformulates LRM-SER as non-verbal-to-verbal transfer, where supervision from a labelled non-verbal source domain is adapted to unlabeled verbal speech across multiple target languages. To this end, we propose NOVA-ARC, a geometry-aware framework that models affective structure in the Poincaré ball, discretizes paralinguistic patterns via a hyperbolic vector-quantized prosody codebook, and captures emotion intensity through a hyperbolic emotion lens. For unsupervised adaptation, NOVA-ARC performs optimal-transport-based prototype alignment between source emotion prototypes and target utterances, inducing soft supervision for unlabeled speech while being stabilized through consistency regularization. Experiments show that NOVA-ARC delivers the strongest performance under both non-verbal-to-verbal adaptation and the complementary verbal-to-verbal transfer setting, consistently outperforming Euclidean counter parts and strong SSL baselines. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to move beyond verbal-speech–centric supervision by introducing a non-verbal–to–verbal transfer paradigm for SER.